“ADA币就是号称第三代的加密货币,其希望解决的问题是「可扩展性」、「可持续性」与「互操作性」。”
结论
- 优秀的管理团队和社区, 创办人 Charles Hoskinson和Jeremy Wood,均为前以太坊的核心成员, 并由三个组织共同推进发展。
- Cardano 的社区超过一百万活跃用户,包括尖端的研究人员和区块链领域等专业人员。
- 激励机制,有150亿个ADA币将会通过激励机制的形式发放,以每3,744,961区块为单位陆续减半释放。
- 共识机制:PoS, 相比工作量证明PoW,PoS共识的优势包括减少能源消耗、保障安全性、以及降低中心化风险。
- 分层的生态体系设计,高拓展性, 整个体系划分为结算层和计算层两个层次,分别来解决货币和智能合约两个层面的问题。
- 良好的共通性、兼容性和可持续性, 目前正在测试将原生资产加入到Cardano链上,由于原生资产和ADA之间的交易不会产生交易费用,从而能兼容其他货币。
- 与非洲合作, 其中与埃塞俄比亚教育部合作改善教育系统,未来能将数百万新用户带入Cardano平台。
- 目前与以太坊比较, 虽然ADA没有智能合约功能, 但在各种方面都较以太坊优胜。Cardano 计划于 9 月 12 日进行 Alonzo 升级,将增加对智能合约的支持。
- 未来以太坊与ADA都会有较大的改善, 以太坊进化至以太坊2.0能解决现在的问题, ADA网络阶段进级亦能解决智能合约功能和改进系统。
- 值得注意ADA的动作较慢, 智能合约功能仍然在测试阶段, 以太坊暂时占据了整个主流Defi链, ADA未来蓝图虽然远景, 但暂时没有应用产品, 根据非小号数据目前市值排名前5可能反映了未来蓝图。
ADA基本介绍
ADA币就是号称第三代的加密货币,其希望解决的问题是「可扩展性」、「可持续性」与「互操作性」。
与以太币类似,ADA币也可以承载智能合约,而且有一些服务商已经将智能合约业务由以太币转移至ADA币。ADA币的白皮书将其开发分为5个阶段,为世界提供一个完善的终极区块链解决方案,因此ADA币也被称为区块链野心家。
管理团队
由两位重量级的人物创办:Charles Hoskinson和Jeremy Wood,均为前以太坊的核心成员。技术开发负责人Charles Hoskinson是一位数学家,他是比特股的联合始创者,同时也是以太坊的前 CEO。另一位合伙人Jeremy Wood也是以太坊曾经的高管。
合作伙伴
这个项目背后主要有三个组织在进行,分别是负责社区管理的 Cardano Foundation;主管开发营运的IOHK(投入产出香港)以及项目孵化器EMURGO。
- Cardano基金会:负责Cardano资金监管,致力于加速平台的大规模应用,与不同的企业以及项目进行沟通建立强大的社群,并提供教育,协助等服务,快速提升这个生态圈内的支持者,开发者以及应用程序。
- iOHK:负责Cardano整体技术支撑。作为主要的开发机构,拥有强大的研究团队以及开发资源,成立人Charles Hoskinson在建造平台时有强大的研究基础作为支持,以确保未来整体生态圈发展以及安全性。 IOHK还同时支持着其它区块链项目,包括以太坊经典。IOHK共有工程师,计算机科学家,方案运营官超过100人,这个开发团队规模,甚至已经超过了EOS团队。
- EMURGO:负责Cardano项目生态布局,Cardano项目的孵化器,有鉴于主链项目的成败在于未来有多少开发者真正在其平台上的开发应用程序,EMURGO提供资金以及技术协助,让有好点子的开发者可以加快其速度将其应用部署在平台之上。
代币总量与发放
- 总量:卡尔达诺团队已将ADA代币的最大数量限制在450亿左右。
- 发放情况:预售期将投入300亿个艾达币,其中250亿个用于首次币发行(Initial Coin Offering,ICO);50亿用于开发公司运营公司的资金支持;剩余的150亿个ADA币将会不断发放。
当前状态(2021 年 5 月 20 日星期四)
量化指标
流通市值(该币种当前流通的量*当前币价)($) |
流通量(ADA 币的数目) |
上架交易所数 |
BTC 相关性(使用近七日的币种收盘价格,计算与 BTC 的相关性,越接近 1 正相关度越强,越接近-1 负相关度越强, 0 表示没有相关度) |
502.67 亿 |
4.13亿 |
130 |
0.78 |
24H 成交额($) |
24H 流通量 |
换手率(24H 内的成交额/ 流通市值*100%) |
24H 最高 |
24H 最低 |
24H 波幅(24H 最 高 – 24H最低)/24H 最低 |
$164.78亿 |
104.9亿 |
32.78% |
$1.8423 |
$1.0363 |
77.77% |
ADA特点
ADA激励机制
Cardano有150亿个ADA币将会通过激励机制的形式发放。区块奖励将以每3.5分钟发放一次,最初每个区块产生2000个艾达币,共计3,744,961区块;第二阶段每个区块产生1000个艾达币,共计3,744,961区块;第三阶段每个区块产生500个艾达币,共计3,744,961区块。以次类推,以每3,744,961区块为单位陆续减半,以每分钟产生3个区块的速率,直到全部释放完,大概需要24年的时间。
共识机制:PoS
权益证明的共识机制的根本目的在于:根据权益多少,随机的选出一个记账者,并且随机选择的这个过程是不可预知的。
Cardano使用了称为Ouroboros的创新的股权证明算法,这是第一种真正为用户提供安全保护的方法,这一点已被科学研究证实。
- 突破性的权益证明共识协议Ouroboros被证明具有与工作证明相同的安全保证。
- 严格的安全保证是由Ouroboros建立的,并与在网络安全和密码学领域的顶级会议和出版物上发表的多篇同行评审论文一起提供。基于PoS共识的区块链网络中,所有成为“验证者”的节点都能够获得生产(或者发布)区块的权利,其概率取决于其拥有的“权益”多少。相比工作量证明PoW,PoS共识的优势包括减少能源消耗、保障安全性、以及降低中心化风险。
采用分层的生态体系设计,实现高拓展性
分层区块链生态,是Cardano的里程碑式概念。将整个体系划分为结算层和计算层两个层次,分别来解决货币和智能合约两个层面的问题。
Cardano结算层与计算层分开运行的方式,可以针对不同的分层进行有针对性的部署和升级。针对结算层,可以通过软分叉对数字货币交易中遇到的问题进行升级和换代,而对于计算层,则可以根据DAPPS的运行需求进行针对性的拓展和改良。因此,分层的方式实现了在一个生态内建立清晰、有边界的系统运行秩序,实现更好的可拓展性和交互性。总结而言结算层记录所有ADA的转账, 而计算层可以处理智能合约。
良好的共通性、兼容性和可持续性
在整个数字货币领域,目前已有接近2000种数字货币在流通,而且每天都有大量的新币种在发行。但是以太坊、EOS等基础公链对其它币种都是不兼容的,仅支持自己生态中的代币交易。
Cardano的设计哲学中,对共通行和兼容性的考虑非常充分。 Cardano在创始之初对系统的可持续性做了深入的思考,它认为基础公链在未来必定会出现重大更新或分歧,但是可以通过一套完整的类似“宪法”的体系来作为最高协议体制,从而未来新一代的基础公链是否应该具备更强的包容性尤为重要, Cardano希望设计成能够成为其它数字货币的粘合剂, 通过侧链和快照技术让不同的货币都可以通过Cardano相互流通, 从而允许ADA的持有者进行多层公开投标,不断解决发展中可能遇到的分歧。
目前Charles Hoskinson表明希望在不久的将来能够将这套协议变成一套彻底可自动化执行的计算机协议。目前于2021年2月测试将原生资产加入Cardano,并转变为一个DeFi平台。用户自定义的代币能够和其原生代币ADA一样运行。这意味着在将原生资产加入到Cardano链上,原生资产和ADA之间的交易不会产生交易费用,这使得DeFi应用程序更加经济且高效, 而且正在向包容性方向前进。
ADA优势的团队和社区
如上文所述团队可以说是Cardano最大的优势了,无论从能力和规模都可以称得上是区块链行业内的顶级配置。 Cardano有两位大师级的创始人,查尔斯・霍斯金森(Charles Hoskinson)和杰瑞米・伍德(Jeremy Wood)。技术开发负责人Charles Hoskinson是一位数学家,他是比特股的联合始创者,同时也是以太坊的前 CEO。也就是说,Charles Hoskinson有过与V神和BM两位圈内大神的共事经历,另一位合伙人Jeremy Wood也是以太坊曾经的高管。 这两位大师一直是在领域的最顶端目睹着整个区块链和数字货币的发展,参与过以太坊和BM的DPOS,深知公链发展到现在,所面临的深层次问题。 Cardano项目成立的初衷是就是总结区块链和数字货币面临的种种问题,对这些问题进行深入分析并解决,引用最新的技术和最强的团队打造出一个区块链应用生态系统,另外Cardano项目是由三个组织共同推进分别是负责社区管理的 Cardano Foundation;主管开发营运的IOHK(投入产出香港)以及项目孵化器EMURGO。由这样的团队去实现新一代超越以太坊的底层基础公链,能给投资者带来足够信心的。此外Cardano 是目前头部几大公链之一,第一个提出了 peer-review 这样同行审查的方式,也就是 Cardano 的代码都要经过同行专业化审查来确保该项技术的可行性才会正式推出。而且 Cardano 的社区还足够强大和活跃,目前社交平台上的用户超过一百万,包括尖端的研究人员、开发人员、质押池运营商,以及大学教授和区块链领域的专业人员。
ADA的价值
Cardano 的用户需要购买 ADA 币来支付交易手续费、智能合约执行费用和作为社群治理质押品。目前 Cardano 区块链已发起过新币增发、开发政策等社群投票,这些都需要持有 ADA 币才可以参与投票决定区块链方向。如果使用者要帮忙验证新区块出块赚取手续费奖励,也需要质押 ADA 币来成为验证节点,如果之后有更多开发团队到 Cardano 区块链上开发热门应用,也会增加 ADA 币的内在价值。
与非洲合作
Cardano基金会在2021年5月扩大了ADA网络的实用性,宣布与埃塞俄比亚教育部合作改善埃塞俄比亚的教育系统。埃塞俄比亚教育部长Getahun Mekuria证实,教育部有兴趣利用区块链技术的优势来帮助「提高教育质量」。 身份解决方案协议将使联邦机构能够监控学校的表现,并在3500所学校,500万学生和750,000名教师中加强教育工作。通过数字记录和验证成绩,教育部将确定成绩不佳的领域并相应分配资源。该项目启动后,可以将数百万新用户带入Cardano平台,使之成为区块链技术在现实世界中最大的应用之一。
与以太坊比较
目前Cardano被认为未来能挑战以太坊地位的挑战者, Cardano将其网络分为五个阶段:拜伦 Byron、雪莱 Shelley、戈根 Goguen、芭蕉 Basho、伏尔泰Voltaire。到达Goguen后Cardano将解锁其智能合约功能,而市场认为Cardano解锁智能合约功能后就能真正挑战以太坊地位, 目前 2月3日,用来开启Goguen的两个hard fork combinator(HFC)事件中的第一个事件开启,将原生资产带到Cardano测试网进行测试。在2月底,同样的升级将在Cardano主网上推出,将Cardano转变为一个DeFi平台。因此可见在不久未来Cardano就能开始挑战以太坊地位。以下是Cardano与以太坊的比较:
现在 |
TPS(每秒处理速度) |
可扩展性 |
工作量证明 |
Gas费用 |
合作 |
ETH |
十几笔/秒 |
差 |
PoW |
高 |
主流认同 |
ADA |
几百笔/秒 |
强 |
PoS |
低 |
非洲 |
未来 |
TPS(每秒处理速度) |
可扩展性 |
工作量证明 |
Gas费用 |
合作 |
ETH 2.0 |
10万笔/秒 |
较好 |
PoS |
低 |
主流认同 |
ADA 升级 |
100万-250万笔/秒 |
更强 |
PoS |
低 |
非洲和主流 |
从图中可以看出相比ETH, ADA 的 TPS (每秒处理速度)更强,由于ETH 的处理速度慢, 所以Gas费用高,从而可扩展性较差, 另外工作量证明的共识制PoW较浪费资源, ADA在各种方面都较以太坊优胜。
而在未来发展方面,ETH 2.0会改善现有问题,当中主要改变分片链和信标链, 数据由信标链安排指挥分配到不同分片链上,分片链能同时处理数据,处理数据后再传送到信标链,从而大大提高效率,TPS(每秒处理速度)上升至10万笔/秒, 减低Gas费用, 解决以太坊扩展性问题,另外工作量证明的共识制从PoW转至PoS, 从而减少能源消耗、保障安全性、以及降低中心化风险。而ADA方面会升级系统, TPS(每秒处理速度)上升至100万-250万笔/秒, 减低更多Gas费用,并且能用智能合约系统, 增加可扩展性。
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