关键见解

◉ Covalent提供了一个统一的API,使开发者能够在多个区块链上重复使用查询。
◉ 该项目已经为许多加密货币公司提供了数据,并有广泛的使用案例,即Consensys(投资者仪表板)、CoinGecko(链上DEX数据)、rotki(税收工具)、NFTX(NFT画廊)和Rainbow(消费者钱包)。
◉ 截至2022年10月,Covalent支持26个区块链主网,并计划到2023年支持超过50个。
◉ Covalent的区块标本标准承诺使区块链数据在执行环境之外可组合和可重复使用。
◉ The Graph目前最适合需要专门数据集的项目,而Covalent目前最适合为需要通用、广泛适用数据的应用提供服务。

简介

虽然区块链数据是公开的、可访问的,但它往往很难得到。当像钱包和NFT市场这样的应用需要来自多个区块链的数据时,情况就变得更加复杂了,这些数据的输出格式各不相同。Covalent建立了一个协议,将超过25个区块链的数据标准化;其统一API允许构建者在其支持的网络中重复使用查询。

API在两方之间传输数据:客户端和服务器。使用API,服务器保持对其系统的控制,并响应客户的请求。用户,如应用开发者或分析公司,从API中提取数据,而数据提供者保持所有权。虽然许多公司已经建立了服务器端基础设施,以提供对区块链数据的访问,但大多数都停在RPC层。这些传统的方法往往只获取表面的数据,并将其格式化为所请求的区块链。

Covalent的协议比传统方法更深入:它从各种区块链中提取数据,将该数据上传到一个存储实例,对存储的数据对象进行索引和转换,并将数据加载到由API用户查询的本地数据仓库。在整个过程中,它向Moonbeam网络发送证明,以验证在每个步骤中完成的工作。简而言之,Covalent对所有提取的区块链数据进行加密保护和标准化,因此开发者可以以统一的方式从任何链上进行查询,因此称为统一API。

Covalent概述

Covalent的渐进式去中心化

Covalent于2017年作为一个黑客马拉松项目开始。自成立以来,它一直坚持其目标,即建立一个能够提供区块链深度指标的索引引擎。这些深度指标的例子包括获得截至任何区块高度的代币持有者或获得由某个智能合约地址发出的日志事件。

在2020年10月,Covalent只支持以太坊。但截至2022年10月,Covalent支持越来越多的超过25个区块链主网的名单,API用户可以查询。此外,Covalent最近成为第一个为应用链编制索引的区块链数据供应商。联合创始人/首席执行官Ganesh Swami告诉Messari,Covalent最早将在2023年第一季度宣布对其他区块链的支持。

在走上逐步去中心化的道路之前,Covalent为其索引引擎寻求产品-市场的契合。除了支持Covalent的有关各方外,该项目还从ConsenSys、CoinGecko和0x Labs等加密货币行业的客户那里获得了收入。Covalent告诉Messari,其多年来为企业客户提供服务的商业活动证实了市场需求,为可从其统一API查询的数据类型奠定了基础。

网络参与者

Covalent的去中心化协议将有多个网络参与者,称为 “运营商”。目前,只有一个网络运营商的角色是活的,即区块标本制作者(BSP)。截至2022年10月,Covalent有12个BSP;著名的有Chorus One、Woodstock、StakeWithUs和卡尔加里大学。然而,随着Covalent继续去中心化,这个角色仍然是许可的。

区块标本制作者提取原始区块链数据并创建一个称为区块标本的数据对象。BSP标准承诺使区块链数据在执行环境之外可组合和可重复使用。然后,区块标本制作者将区块标本上传到一个存储实例,为存储的区块标本创建一个哈希值(或证明),并将证明发布到Moonbeam上的Covalent的ProofChain智能合约。一旦证明出现在Moonbeam上,其他网络节点就可以验证BSP的工作。

截至2022年10月,其他尚未上线的网络运营商角色包括精炼师、查询运营商、审计师和存储运营商。

◉ 精炼者从存储中获取区块标本,将原始数据转化为可查询的数据对象,称为区块结果,然后发布一个证明来验证这项工作。
◉ 在响应API查询之前,查询操作员将转换后的数据加载到本地数据仓库。
◉ 每个网络运营商在审计师确认了特定时代的每个证明后,会因履行其角色而获得报酬。在支付之前,从全部网络运营商中随机选择一组审计师,在被审计的时代中担任审计师。
◉ 当区块标本生产者将数据上传到存储实例时,他们可以在本地运行该实例,也可以向存储运营商付费运行该实例。存储运营商预计将通过以下方式增加证明的数据可用性IPFS并将其存储在本地。

Covalent目前管理着这些角色,因为它正在努力向渴望参与的实体开放。

Covalent告诉Messari,它计划在2024年之前让所有的网络运营商角色上线。随着Covalent将其协议去中心化,其去中心化的整体效果将在区块标本生产者、精炼者和查询运营商等网络参与者的增长和活动中显现出来。

CQT代币统计学、投资者和效用


Covalent通过一次私人种子销售、两次战略性私人销售和一次公开销售筹集了大约1571万美元。2020年销售的私人销售参与者包括Woodstock Fund、1kx Capital、Mechanism Capital、AU21 Capital、Brilliance Ventures、TRG Capital、Alameda Research和CoinGecko。2021年销售的私人销售参与者包括Hashed、Binance Labs、Coinbase Ventures、Delphi Ventures、Hypersphere Ventures,以及Avalanche、NEAR Protocol、Elrond和Moonbeam背后的实体。

Covalent Query Token(CQT)是在以太坊上推出的,最大供应量为10亿,有不同的归属时间表。在这些供应中,大约有33.3%(3.33亿CQT)被分配给上述的私人销售参与者。团队和顾问被分配了大约16.4%(1.64亿CQT)的最大供应量。其余的分配(公开销售,赌注,储备和生态系统)大约占最大供应量的50.3%(5.03亿CQT)。

CQT是一种治理代币,也用于与网络运营商的赌注和结算付款。随着Covalent的去中心化,治理仍处于早期阶段,需要团队的人工干预。当社区成员产生改进建议,开始在论坛和Discord上,团队决定该建议是否应该转移到Snapshot,根据反馈和粗略的共识进行最终的链外投票。通过的提案然后由Covalent团队实施。截至2022年10月,Covalent已经在Snapshot上举行了三次投票,最近的一次是2022年3月。

虽然治理使用Ethereum上的CQT,但用CQT与Moonbeam桥接进行押注和支付结算。CQT遵循以桩换取(SFA)的代币模式,要求网络运营商将CQT入股,以履行网络职责,随后获得报酬。网络运营商用CQT入股,有可能因为疏忽或恶意行为而被砍掉股份–尽管截至2022年10月,砍掉股份还没有上线。

由于解押期,网络运营商所持有的CQT至少在180天内不能出售。CQT的价值将由一个连接API需求和网络数据供应的机制驱动。从2023年第一季度开始,将以美元计价的稳定币进行支付,这些稳定币将被用于市场购买CQT以奖励运营商。由于卖出压力减少,买入压力增加,解禁期和市场买入功能可能有利于资产价格。然而,负债和基础设施开销很可能以另一种货币支付,这可能会对网络运营商带来挑战,对新奖励的CQT造成卖压。

选择不运行运营商节点的持有者可以将CQT委托给网络运营商。作为回报,他们根据CQT的押注量和网络运营商的佣金赚取可变收益。收益来自于通货膨胀的赌注奖励(作为激励网络运营商活动的引导),这将补充网络奖励长达4年之久。鉴于持续的活动,奖励将来自于对查询Covalent的API的协议的支付。

Nomad Bridge 被盗

2022年8月1日,Nomad Bridge经历了一次黑客攻击,导致总计1.9亿美元的损失,其中包括1.1331亿个CQT代币(约占CQT最大供应量的11.33%)。由于对被盗资金进行了 “白帽悬赏”,大约有3719万CQT已经被归还。截至2022年10月,Nomad和Covalent继续致力于重新开放桥梁和追回资金。

这次黑客攻击影响了网络运营商和任何将CQT与Moonbeam桥接的人。鉴于Covalent与Nomad的合作关系,Moonbeam上的所有CQT都变得没有支持,因为所有ERC-20 CQT抵押品都在Nomad的桥梁智能合约中。Covalent向Messari解释说,虽然Nomad的桥梁仍然关闭,但区块标本生产者继续经营网络节点。

值得注意的竞争者

看到关键词 “API “就想把Covalent与任何通过API提供链上数据访问的竞争对手进行比较,这很诱人。然而,大多数拥有API产品的实体只在RPC层收集数据。停留在这一层,将查询和标准化不同区块链数据的负担放在开发者团队身上。

潜在的补充

由于Covalent提供统一的API,像Infura和Alchemy这样的供应商可以被视为Covalent的补充。Covalent告诉Messari,它的网络运营商实际上是从Infura和CoinGecko等来源提取数据。然后它对数据进行打包,这样就可以从Covalent的统一API中提取数据。这种灵活性在多链世界中变得很重要,因为在RPC层从区块链上检索的数据可能与其他链上的数据不同。

如上图所示,截至2022年10月,Covalent支持26个区块链主网,而Alchemy支持9个,Infura支持9个,The Graph支持20个。其他协议在调用数据时需要额外的步骤。例如,支持钱包应用的数据查询可能因区块链的不同而不同。此外,输出的格式可能不同,需要多次反复的数据清理。使用Covalent的统一API,无论数据来自哪个区块链,查询到的数据只需要清理一次,以适应所需的应用。

The Graph

虽然Alchemy和Infura保持着中心化的结构,但The Graph是一个索引协议,其网络参与者被激励执行关键的操作任务以获得奖励。与Covalent相比,所有网络参与者的角色都是活的。The Graph预计将实现完全的去中心化,因为它在某些退出标准和索引器准备情况的驱动下,以每条链为基础晒出其托管服务。

然而,Covalent和The Graph并不直接作为市场索引器竞争。使用Covalent的应用往往需要通用的、广泛适用的数据。他们往往不需要subgraph开发者建立的高度专业化、多样化的数据集。钱包、NFT市场和税收服务等领域的应用将更有可能使用Covalent。同时,更大范围的应用可能会倾向于使用The Graph,如果它们依赖于详细的利基数据。在根据可查询的数据类型策划索引时,Covalent选择目前放弃对社区创建的数据集进行索引。在未来,它计划引入由社区维护的API端点,这些端点将被称为C类端点。

在开发方面,The Graph依靠独立开发者或团队创建子图(包含链上数据的开放API)。鉴于子图的开发需要高度的复杂性,大多数有意义的子图都是由Messari或Uniswap实验室等高度组织化的实体建立的。图谱通过为独立实体提供构建子图的开发者工具,弥补了其缺乏源自市场的、大刀阔斧的数据提供的不足。

虽然外包开发会导致建立的子图过于专业化,但这些API往往比专注于标准化的协议包含对更深层次信息的访问。Covalent计划增加对社区维护的API端点的支持,与子图类似,但它在促进社区发展方面远远落后于The Graph。与The Graph的竞争并非正面交锋,这两个协议可以通过为不同的项目提供支持而并行存在。

结论

在建立使用链上数据的应用程序时,项目应根据四个因素选择其供应商。

◉ 供应商支持的链的数量。
◉ 可以提取的数据类型。
◉ 数据的安全性/精确性。
◉ 延迟(供应商背后的区块数量)。

在为ConsenSys、CoinGecko和0x Labs等加密货币领域的精英公司服务多年后,Covalent已经迭代了其统一API,以包括一套强大的、具有可衡量市场需求的、超过25个区块链主网的细化数据。Covalent在其数据管道的每一步都发布了证明,同时对其支持的每个区块链都保持了两个区块的延迟。随着世界走向多链的未来,Covalent将成为链上数据索引器领域的掌舵者。它将为用户提供一个安全、快速和统一的方法来查询平行网络的数据。

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  39. Hello just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your post seem to be running off the screen in Internet explorer. I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with internet browser compatibility but I thought I’d post to let you know. The style and design look great though! Hope you get the problem solved soon. Many thanks

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