虚拟货币代码:CRV
推荐交易平台:Binance
“当然,Curve 开发团队也在不断探索特定资产以外的其他资产交易,若真能实现,那 Curve 将有力成为DEX的龙头”
1. 结论
- Curve是一个去中心化交易所(DEX),并专注于稳定币和比特币锚定币,旨在实现高效的稳定币交易。
- CRV初始供应量为10亿 CRV,并将逐渐增发至最大供应量30.3亿 CRV。
- 截至2021年5月5日,Curve在其平台上锁定价值已经超过64亿美元,对比其他去中心化交易所仅次于Uniswap。
- 提供解决交易滑点和无常损失的方案 – AMM (自动做市商)曲线创新
- 推出DeFi 组合——提供比其它 DeFi 协议更多的收益方式
- Curve 与合成资产协议 Synthetix 合作,推出跨资产兑换交易服务
- CRV代币持有者可透过锁仓,从而得到利润
- 以估值角度,现时CRV较其他的DEX币相对便宜
- Uniswap V3是Curve的最大竞争者,但在稳定币的滑价改良方面, Curve依然有优势
- Curve Finance正在与基于波卡的DeFi项目Equilibrium(跨链 DeFi 流动性池的互操作平台)合作,将Curve引入波卡(DOT)生态系统
2. 基本介绍
简介:
Curve是一个去中心化交易所(DEX),并专注于稳定币和比特币锚定币,旨在实现高效的稳定币交易。Curve可以为用户提供一个平台,以便用户可以轻松地交换某些基于以太坊的资产。Curve Finance 是首家将扩大资产流动性作为卖点的AMM(自动做市商),它将自己定位为资本利用率最高的AMM,是稳定币交易的利基市场。Curve也因其独特的用户特征在交易平台中脱颖而出。
团队 :
Curve 创始人 Michael Egorov,团队 6 人,皆远程办公。2020 年 1 月,项目初期,从 Curve 上线的第一个月到锁仓量达到 1000 万的时间段,只有 Michael 一个人。2 月开始,和 iearn 进行了密切合作。值得关注的是,AC 可以看作是早期 Curve 核心人物之一,频繁参与产品规划和外部沟通。
Michael 研究的领域颇为广泛,计算机、物理学、哲学、数学均有涉及:2019 年在使用 DEX 时,他并没有觉得 Uniswap 有多么优秀。Michael 看到了稳定币的机会,想到了开发一个新的稳定币 DEX 的方案,并在当年 11 月份发布了白皮书。当时根据他测算,理论上与一般的 DEX 相比,交易成本大约能降低到 1/100。在相同量下,Curve 能够提供比 Uniswap 和 Balancer 高出 100-1000 倍的市场深度。2020 年 1 月,Michael 在瑞士正式启动了 Curve Finance。
代币供应:
CRV初始供应量为10亿 CRV,并将逐渐增发至最大供应量30.3亿 CRV。第一年通胀率会达到最高的59.5%,并以每年√2的方式递减。当前流动性挖矿分配中,每天产出约200万枚代币。
3. 当前状态(2021年8月11日星期五)
流通市值(该币种当前流通的量*当前币价)
($) |
流通量(CRV币的数目) | 上架交易所数 | BTC相关性(使用近七日的币种收盘价格,计算与BTC的相关性,越接近1正相关度越强,越接近-1负相关度越强,0表示没有相关度) |
521,270,215.11 | 254,855,271 | 127 | 0.74 |
24H成交额($) | 24H交易量 | 换手率(24H内的成交额/流通市值*100%) | 24H最高 | 24H最低 | 24H波幅
(24H最高 – 24H最低)/24H最低 |
2.92亿 | 1.42亿 | 56.04% | $2.0784 | $1.8342 | +13.31% |
4. Curve平台特点
(i)锁仓量高
根据DeFiPulse的数据显示,截至2021年5月5日,Curve在其平台上锁定价值已经超过64亿美元,对比其他去中心化交易所仅次于Uniswap。鉴于 Curve 稳定币兑换业务的数据水分最低,其 64亿美元的 锁仓量几乎可以和 Uniswap 相提并论。
(ii)AMM (自动做市商)曲线创新
众所周知,AMM 机制的 DEX 普遍存在三大痛点:高昂的交易手续费、高滑点以及无常损失风险。作为同样采用 AMM 机制的 DEX,Curve 通过建立相似价值资产池(如各类稳定币资产)来解决以上痛点,并建立了一系列独特的创新机制激励 LP 们提供流动性。自 2020 年初上线以来,Curve 在 Defi 行业一直扮演着行业创新先锋、拓荒者的角色,是当前无可替代的行业龙头之一。 目前,Curve 对应交易对的手续费、交易滑点和无常损失均远低于诸如 Uniswap 或 Sushiswap 等一众 AMM DEX。
对流动性提供者(LP)而言,无常损失来自于单边波动——使无常损失成为永恒,而围绕均值回归的波动,越猛烈,收取的交易费越高。因此,在没有项目代币激励的情况下,做 LP 其实是在赌短期内: 两种资产价值比不会发生太大变化,避免遭受无常损失交易活跃,池子收取大量交易费。 所以对于像 Uniswap 这样的产品来讲,赚钱友好度的交易对应该如下
Curve 的特定资产函数 Curve 走出了自己的路。相似价值资产之间的兑换场景,优化出了无法拒绝的低滑点,低手续费,低无常损失风险。Curve Finance 采用结合了恒定总和和恒定乘积函数创造的混合 AMM:在曲线的平衡点附近创建一条相对平坦的曲线,类似于恒定总和函数,以保持价格相对稳定,同时使两端更加倾斜,类似于恒定乘积函数,因此在曲线的每个点都有流动性,如下图蓝色曲线所示:
由于其创新设计,Curve内代币价格变动比XYK 模型的DEX(如Uniswap或Sushiswap)要难的多。比如,x与y平衡要产生极大的变动(受到实质性破坏)时才会因低滑点影响到价格。
尽管Curve只聚焦于稳定币交易,但在同一个池子里的token仍可能出现相对价格波动,比如tBTC和renBTC并不一定是1:1。一旦价格差异变动足够大,套利者就会执行大型交易,进而对Curve的价格产生影响。Curve的独特性并不是靠套利活动驱动,而Sushiswap和Uniswap大约80%的交易量都是套利活动驱动的。Curve的特点就是价格变动难度大,因此获得套利机会就需要大量的资金,这很有可能涉及到闪电贷活动。 随着Layer 2的应用越来越多,后续的流动性碎片化以及Layer 2和Layer 1之间的代币转移需求,可能会成为Curve下一步发展的方向。在此过程中,Curve作为去中心化交易所,可以吸引更多样化的代币发行方式,并实现交易量翻倍增长。
在一个成熟化的金融市场,两个核心诉求是提升资本利用效率和无套利原理,而 Curve 的曲线设计,决定了 Curve 不是靠套利驱动的(Sushiswap 和 Uniswap 上 80% 的交易量都是套利驱动的),同时,Curve 是首家提高资本效率的 AMM,现在已经成为稳定币交易的利基市场。 如果说 AMM 领域的创新才刚刚开始并且正在朝着提升资本效率突飞猛进,那 Curve 无疑是在这条路上走得最远,想得最深的选手。
(iii)产品创新
Curve 是强大的 Defi 生态的集大成者,背靠着整个 Defi 生态向用户输出价值。通过 Defi 组合,用户可以在 Curve 赚取传统 LP 收益的同时在任何一个对应的 Defi 平台赚取收益。Curve 的创新主要体现在:
1. DeFi 组合——提供比其它 DeFi 协议更多的收益方式:
通过流动性资金在其它协议赚取收益,如早期的 iearn。除了 CRV 治理代币奖励,还有在其它协议资产池中,奖励其它协议治理代币。Curve 早在刚上线没多久,2020 年 2-3 月就实现了:
基础组合:用户将 DAI 转换为 Compound 的 cDAI,先获得了 Compound 的收益;再将 cDAI 投入 Curve,即获得了 Curve 的交易手续费收益。
高级组合:收益进一步提升,用户将 DAI 转换为 iearn 的 yDAI,再投入 Curve。YFI 的收益策略等同于基于 Curve,可以说 Curve 为 DeFi 挖矿这座金字塔提供了底层的利润来源。
这些举措给早期 DeFi 积木提供了非常创新和启发性的样板,Curve 很可能在设计阶段就和 iearn(AC)合作了,团队能抓住 DeFi 的核心,即提升资本效率,如黑洞般吸引资金,不仅技术层面上的对 AMM 曲线改进,更创造更多收益方式赢取用户。
2. 跨资产兑换:
1 月 18 日,Curve 宣布推出跨资产兑换交易服务,与合成资产协议 Synthetix 合作
简单来说:跨资产兑换过程包括两笔交易。以 DAI 兑换 wBTC 为例,首先 DAI 会兑换为 sUSD,再兑换为 sBTC;其次,sBTC 会兑换为 wBTC。
具体来说:第一笔交易是将 DAI 兑换成 sBTC。用户确认交易后,会收到代表交易的唯一 NFT(ERC-721),然后交易将立即进入 6 分钟的结算期。在 Synthetix 结算期之后,用户可以通过点击「完成交易」按钮来完成第二笔交易,即把 sBTC 兑换成 wBTC。在确认这笔交易后,用户就能收到 wBTC 了。
整个过程中,Synthetix 起到桥梁的作用(借助 Synthetix 的抵押合成资产模型,sUSD 和 sBTC 兑换是无滑点的),Synthetix 的合成资产在 Curve 上已经有 sBTC 和 sUSD 两个池,且这两个池的流动性都不低。sUSD 池的流动性超过 8300 万美元,而 sBTC 池的流动性超过 2.5 亿美元。最后 sBTC 和 wBTC 的兑换,则利用了 Curve 的 CFMM,可以做到极低的滑点。
缺点:此方案虽然交易滑点几乎为零,但资产价格在 6 分钟结算期内可能剧烈变动造成损失。在 Curve 和 Synthetix 的整合中,我们看到了 Curve 强大的创新能力,通过利用 defi 的组合性做跨资产兑换,教育了市场其「提升资本效率」的 AMM 真正的价值,和破除了 Curve 仅能做稳定币兑换的刻板印象,也是 1 月份CRV价值回归的主要推动力。
(iv) 锁仓与社区治理:
自 2020 年 8 月开始,Curve 通过启动 DAO 从而开启了去中心化治理之路。同其他 DAO 一样,CRV 作为 Curve DAO 的治理代币,赋予了代币持有者社区治理的投票权和治理权。CRV 既可以从二级市场直接购买也可以通过流动性挖矿获得,即在 Curve 提供流动性不仅可以获得交易手续费收益,同时也可以获得奖励的 CRV 代币。LP 们在获得 CRV 奖励的同时也拥有了 Curve 协议的 DAO 治理权。
锁仓规则
锁定 CRV 可以根据时间加权获得投票代币 veCRV,锁定时间越长,投票权重越大。 目前,锁四年才能获得 1:1 的 veCrv,获得投票权以及所有池子一半交易费(0.04%÷2=0.02%,按照锁仓比例)。
目前社区锁仓了 48.81% 流通中的 CRV,平均锁仓时间为 3.67 年(平均锁仓年限持续上涨)。偶尔有些天数锁仓量会超过 200 万的释放量,市场上的抛压很小。
5. 估值部分:价格是否合理?
对于去中心化交易所而言,锁仓量及交易量是一个比较重要的指标,因此我们采用了1)市值/锁仓量及2)市值/交易量比率来评估Curve现时的价格是否合理。如下图所示,发现目前CRV(Curve)的市值/锁仓量及市值/交易量比率分别只有0.13及3.21,与同类币相比是在较便宜的位置,上升空间较大。
截至2021年8月11日市场数据:
加密货币 | 锁仓量(亿美元) | 24hr交易量(亿美元) | 市值(亿美元) | 市值/锁仓量 | 市值/交易量 |
CRV (Curve) | 100.8 | 1.44 | 5.24 | 0.052 | 3.63 |
UNI (Uniswap) | 66.1 | 0.3429 | 152.53 | 2.308 | 444.82 |
SUSHI (Sushiswap) | 40.6 | 0.5531 | 13.82 | 0.34 | 24.99 |
BAL (Balancer) | 18.5 | 0.1349 | 1.73 | 0.094 | 12.82 |
6. 竞争与替代
最大竞争者 – Uniswap
3 月23 日,Uniswap 正式发布了其V3 版本的自动做市商(AMM)方案,核心内容包括集中流动性、多级费率、范围订单、高级预言机、版权保护等,方案将在5 月5 日正式上线。
其中,引入集中流动性引发了众多的讨论。这一特性能够使流动性提供者(LP)对资本分布的范围进行精细控制,从而使资本效率较 Uniswap V2 在理论上有高达 4000 倍的改进 ,为低滑点铺平道路。可以说,Uniswap V3 的核心就是提高资本效率 。通过集中流动性,流动性提供者可以在指定的价格范围内提供与 v2 相同的流动性深度,同时将更少的资本置于风险中。节省下来的资金可以在外部持有,投资于不同的资产,存放于其他 DeFi 协议,或者用于在指定的价格范围内增加敞口以赚取更多的交易费用。
集中流动性介绍
在 Uniswap v2 中,流动性沿着 x * y = k 价格曲线平均分布,所有价格的资产保留在 0 到无穷之间。对于大多数资金池来说,绝大部分流动性从未被使用。例如,v2 DAI / USDC 交易对仅保留约 0.50%的资金用于 0.99 美元至 1.01 美元之间的交易,这是流动性提供者期望看到最大交易量并因此获得最多费用的价格范围。 V2 流动性提供者仅对其资本的一小部分收取费用,这可能无法适当补偿他们大量持有这两种代币所承担的价格风险 (无常损失)。此外,由于流动性较为分散,交易者经常面临高滑点。 在 Uniswap v3 中,流动性提供者可以将资金集中在自定义的价格范围内,以期望的价格提供更多的流动性。这样一来,流动性提供者就能构建出反自身偏好的个性化价格曲线。
流动性提供者可以将任何数量的不同集中仓位合并到一个池子。例如,ETH / DAI 池中的流动性提供者可以选择将 100 美元分配给 1000~ 2000 美元的价格范围,并将另外 50 美元分配给 1500~1750 美元的价格范围。 用户可以对所有单独曲线的组合流动性进行交易,而每个流动性提供者的成本不会增加。在给定的价格区间收取的交易费用由流动性提供者按比例分摊,并与流动性提供者该区间贡献的流动性成比例。
但“集中流动性”也并非完美,其中之一就是由于它的灵活性,它需要LP自定义设置,需要主动去管理资金,因为一旦超过了设置的价格范围,其资金会处于闲置状态。并不是所有的LP都有时间专门去进行这样的设置。
对CURVE的影响
对于稳定币互换,Uniswap V3 因为有了粒度控制,可以用很小的资金量(比如 USDC/DAI,相信绝大多数 LP 的区间都会设置在 0.99-1.01) 实现和 Curve 类似的滑点。 同时Uniswap 还有分级费率,目前有 0.05%、0.30% 和 1.00% 三个档。因为分级费率的原因,手续费现时与Curve(0.04%)变得接近。 但是,以(DAI/USDC)为例,假如兑换1000万的话,Curve的滑价仅为0.01%,仍然较Uniswap v3的0.35%低很多。这证明了Curve在稳定币的大额交易市场处理滑价问题仍然有一定的优势。当然,Uniswap V3采用粒度控制,其资金的使用率将大大提高,对CURVE或其他去中心交易所一定会有影响。然而,如下图显示,每个去中心化交易所也有推出其提高资本使用率的方法,也是各有特色。Curve用户能享有极低滑价的稳定币兑换,而资本使用率与Uniswap其实差比并不是很多,相信Curve在稳定币市场依然是处于龙头地位。
加密货币 | CRV (Curve) | UNI (Uniswap) | SUSHI (Sushiswap) | BAL (Balancer) |
支持资产 | 稳定币 | ERC-20 | ERC-20 | ERC-20 |
锁仓量 | 高 | 最高 | 中 | 低 |
滑价问题(%) | 最低 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
提高资本使用率方法 | 改进AMM曲线
利用DeFi的可组合性 |
引入集中流动性 | 通过借贷(Kashi)和通用金库(BentoBox)等方式来提升资金的效率 | 自定义流动资金池的币种和比例 |
总结
当 Curve 因为稳定币兑换体验过于丝滑,而仅被认知为稳定币交易所时,它和 Synthetix 拿出了跨资产兑换,持续吃掉 Synthetix 中最大单,再一次给大家展示了 DeFi 可组合行应该怎样创新;当舆论拿 Uni V3 质疑 Curve 时,我们判断 Curve 极难丢掉其在特定资产兑换上的优势,并且相信 Curve 在专业领域的创新将带来持续的竞争力,甚至在未来吃到更多 AMM 的创新红利。
最优的 Defi 生态是什么样的?也许最终的答案不只有一个。作为 Defi 的深度参与者,我们认为,Dex 之间的激烈竞争是行业发展强大驱动力,并且更希望看到行业百花齐放的繁荣态势。目前,Curve 凭借其低交易费用、低滑点和低无常风险等绝对优势牢牢占据了特定资产交易市场并不断掘进深度,而 Uniswap、Sushi 等其他 AMM 机制的 DEX 为其他多样化的加密资产提供了流动性交易平台,持续拓宽业务边界。仅在特定资产交易这部分市场,Curve 牢牢抓住高净值用户,就有巨大的想象空间。从 Defi 组合、跨资产交易到近期与 Equilibrium 合作打入波卡生态,Curve 作为一个不断为我们带来惊喜的技术驱动型团队,我们从不担心团队的创造力。当然,Curve 开发团队也在不断探索特定资产以外的其他资产交易,若真能实现,那 Curve 将有力成为DEX的龙头。
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