关键见解

◉ 远程过程调用(远程程序调用)(RPC)层是审查制度的主要对象。因此,去中心化的节点基础设施供应商的替代方案对于维持一个无许可的Web3生态系统至关重要。

◉ Ankr和Pocket是节点基础设施协议,旨在以较低的成本提供去中心化的替代方案,而且停机时间接近零。然而,他们的链外中继分销商机制是集中操作的,造成了单点故障。

◉ 口袋网络在去年从4300个节点增长到超过37800个节点,每天服务超过10亿次中继,同比增长125倍。相比之下,Ankr只有345个集中运营的节点,但每天转发31亿次公共RPC。

◉ 尽管中继的RPC数量比Pocket多出近3倍,但Ankr遭受了与Infura和Alchemy类似的中心化问题,并且没有计划解决这些问题。

◉ Pocket的目标是在其即将发布的V1版本中用一个去中心化的链上机制取代其中心化的中继分销商。

许多去中心化的应用程序依赖于中心化的节点基础设施供应商,通过区块链的远程程序调用(RPC)提供数据。这创造了一个单点故障,可以用来限制对各种协议的访问,给整个Web3生态系统带来了风险。上周,美国财政部制裁了流行的基于以太坊的混合器Tornado Cash,集中式RPC供应商的风险再次出现。

宣布之后,两个最大的节点基础设施供应商Infura和Alchemy都停用了他们在Tornado Cash的前端使用的RPC链接。如果美国政府对这些实体施加更多压力,Infura和Alchemy甚至可能会阻止来自龙卷风现金智能合约的RPC调用。

RPC节点是协议技术栈的一个重要组成部分。为了建立无权限和抗审查的协议,RPC层需要更加分散化。Ankr和Pocket Network是两个去中心化的节点基础设施协议,正在朝着这个方向发展。它们旨在让开发者和应用程序不受限制地访问区块链数据和交易,从而防止/缓解审查的企图。Ankr和Pocket将他们的价值主张集中在抗审查上。因此,这些协议要想成功,必须提供一个真正的无许可和无信任的网络。

关于RPC节点的入门知识

RPC是一个应用程序编程接口(API)互动,允许应用程序与共享网络上的服务器进行通信,如以太坊。RPC节点使去中心化的应用程序能够与区块链通信,这对于查询信息和执行交易至关重要。RPC可用于检索钱包余额、智能合约事件日志,或与DeFi流动性池互动。交易所、钱包和分析工具也需要对RPC节点进行中继(调用)。

普通用户由于几个因素而不愿意运行节点。与网络验证器和矿工不同,运行一个标准的完整节点不会有金钱上的奖励。节点基础设施也可能很复杂,需要高端硬件,对大多数用户来说太昂贵了。随着时间的推移,节点基础设施自然集中,RPC层也变得更加集中,由于RPC请求路由到完整节点。


集中式基础设施即服务企业(如Infura和Alchemy)往往依赖单一的云供应商。因此,节点已经集中在少数几家大型云供应商的服务器上。在数据中心托管的65%的以太坊节点中,只有三个主要的云供应商负责其中的69%。在估计95%托管在数据中心的Solana节点中,72%托管在与Ethereum相同的云提供商那里。

因为去中心化的网络依赖于少数几个云供应商,所以整个网络更加脆弱。同时,云供应商出现停机的应用中断的机会也会增加。

依赖中心化基础设施的协议更容易受到审查和中断的影响。例如,在以太坊验证者未能遵守政府法规的情况下,AWS可能被迫删除所有托管的以太坊节点,导致网络中33%的节点下线。

节点基础设施协议

Ankr和Pocket Network是两个节点基础设施协议,致力于解决这些集中化问题。他们激励供应方参与者(节点运营商)运行完整的节点,并将RPC请求转发给应用程序和开发人员。开发者现在可以使用一个拥有成千上万个节点的去中心化网络,而不是依赖中心化的节点基础设施供应商,这些节点由世界各地的各种运营商运行。

使用去中心化的基础设施协议而不是中心化的供应商的三个主要优势是降低成本、增加冗余度和抗审查。

◉ 降低成本﹕Ankr和Pocket都为每个中继站提供了现收现付的功能。这种模式比Infura和Alchemy提供的每月订阅计划更灵活。此外,Ankr和Pocket都有一个免费层,每天为开发者提供100万次中继请求。Infura为此每月收费225美元。

增加冗余度﹕通过利用由数万个全球分布的节点组成的网络,一个去中心化的网络可以在接近100%的正常运行时间下运行,其节点选择机制为低延迟而优化。

延迟和可靠性﹕抗审查。一个完全去中心化的RPC节点协议允许对区块链的无许可和无信任的访问。

虽然Pocket是作为一个去中心化的网络推出的,但Ankr一开始是一个中心化的平台,其节点都是由Ankr的母公司操作的。这种中心化的方法使Ankr能够快速增长和扩大其解决方案。最近,Ankr宣布从中心化平台向真正的去中心化网络过渡,单个节点运营商可以参与其中。

为了加速其去中心化的努力,Ankr与Pocket合作。通过合作,Ankr现在可以使用Pocket的分布式节点网络,为来自其自身网络的流量提供服务。Pocket也从这种合作关系中受益,因为增加的流量增加了Pocket节点运营商的中继数量,从而增加了他们的收入。

虽然降低成本和增加冗余是很好的功能,但这些协议的重要的长期功能是他们对去中心化和抗审查的承诺。

但Ankr和Pocket是真正的去中心化吗?


Ankr和Pocket都有类似的网络架构。

◉ 应用程序向协议发送一个中继请求。
◉ 中继流经一个集中的、非链式中继分配器。
Ankr﹕中继流经一个集中的负载平衡器,流量被均匀地分配到各节点。此外,负载平衡器根据节点的性能和地理位置将请求提供给节点。
掌上电脑﹕中继流经一个集中式门户,在Cherry Picker算法将传入的中继分配给表现最好的节点之前,该门户执行初始节点同步检查。

◉  节点运行者处理中继请求并将数据送回应用程序。

尽管这两个网络架构都宣称致力于去中心化,但它们目前都依赖于由各自核心开发团队操作的中心化链外分销商机制。链外中继分销商充当了网络的中心化扼制点,在那里RPC请求可以被限制和审查。上周末,当口袋网络公司宣布口袋门户将阻止与龙卷风现金相关的受制裁地址的互动时,这种担忧成为现实。

虽然目前的阻塞点类似于集中式供应商的阻塞点,但Pocket计划在下一次协议升级中对其链外中继分销商进行去中心化。

口袋网络

由于Pocket的门户网站是由美国注册实体Pocket Network Inc.集中运营的,因此看到门户网站受到审查也就不足为奇。由于Pocket Network Inc.控制着门户网站,Pocket的团队别无选择,只能遵守制裁规定。

从正面看,Pocket的集中式门户网站改善了协议的用户体验,同时提高了网络的性能和可扩展性。在短短两年内,Pocket已经发展到每天为超过10亿个继电器提供服务。然而,这种快速增长是以集中的需求方为代价的。

Source: Pocket Network

消除协议设计中的这个单点故障一直是项目路线图上的一个里程碑。口袋网络V1将用一个去中心化的链上机制取代门户。升级可能会在2023年初发生,届时V1将引入一个新的网络参与者,即渔民,作为门户的替代者。渔民将根据可用性、延迟和一致性来确保服务质量,取代Cherry Picker机制。

随着这个协议缺陷的解决,Pocket将成为真正的无许可和抗审查的地方。尽管门户网站审查制度受挫,但Pocket的关键指标在过去一年里有了显著增长。

在过去的一年里,口袋网络从服务900万人次增长到超过10亿人次的日接力,增长了125倍。网络上的总节点也成倍增长,从4300个节点到37800个节点,同比增长近9倍。

在Pocket的主网发布近两年后,Pocket的V1版本将使协议完全无权限,提高网络可扩展性,引入新的共识机制,并提高网络性能。更详细的升级内容可以在这里找到。

Ankr网络

2022年7月发布的Ankr 2.0白皮书介绍了该团队对Ankr去中心化的愿景。Ankr将允许独立的节点运营商与Ankr运营的节点一起参与,并因其服务而获得奖励。然而,这一功能还没有在网络上上线。此外,Ankr将只允许满足KYC和硬件要求的项目参与。从本质上讲,在消除KYC障碍之前,供应方将保持许可。

在需求方面,Ankr面临着与Pocket类似的集中化问题。所有的RPC请求都流经由Ankr控制的负载平衡器。由于Ankr也在美国,它可能不得不采取与Pocket Network Inc.类似的审查行动,以遵守美国财政部的制裁。

与Pocket不同的是,Ankr目前缺乏将负载平衡器去中心化的计划。因此,Ankr网络的需求方可能仍然是集中式的,并面临类似于集中式基础设施即服务企业的监管问题。

虽然集中化似乎是一个长期问题,但Ankr并不缺乏需求方的使用。在过去的30天里,Ankr网络平均每天的RPC中继次数超过31亿,几乎是Pocket的三倍。这个指标不包括来自Ankr的高级服务的中继,它声称其每日请求总数超过70亿。

Ankr与Pocket的不同之处在于它提供的额外服务。这些服务包括液体押注种类繁多的SDK,以及应用链解决方案,为开发者提供即插即用的工具。

虽然Ankr的网络架构有一个集中的故障点,但核心团队正在努力使网络去中心化。他们有计划将运营过渡到一个新的DAO,以促进基于共识的决策。在未来,Ankr可能会做出一些重大改变,以消除其网络的中心化方面,以使其真正实现无许可。

最后

过去几周的加密货币表明,去中心化实际上很重要。协议技术栈中的任何集中点都可以被用作攻击媒介。由于大多数应用程序依赖于集中式基础设施供应商的RPC调用,RPC层成为限制应用程序访问的主要途径。

随着监管压力的增加,协议可能会开始关注其网络的进一步去中心化。他们将被吸引远离集中式RPC节点提供者,而转向Pocket和Ankr等协议。最近,Aave在这方面起了带头作用,它与Pocket合作,利用其分布式RPC节点网络来实现其前端流量,并为开发者建立Aave驱动的应用程序。

在去中心化、成熟度和网络参与者的数量方面,Pocket似乎比Ankr走得更远。Pocket有超过37000个独立运行的节点,分布在全球各地,而Ankr只有345个集中运行的节点。尽管中继的RPC数量是Pocket的三倍,但Ankr遭受了与Infura和Alchemy类似的中心化问题,没有计划来解决这个阻塞点。

截至目前,与该领域的大型中心化参与者相比,Pocket和Ankr服务的RPC只占一小部分,这意味着这两个协议有很大的发展空间。虽然节点基础设施协议并不是该领域最耀眼的协议,但它们的服务对于Web3以无信任和无许可的方式蓬勃发展至关重要。

 

103 thoughts on “Ankr和Pocket是否解决了Web3的节点集中化问题?”
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