关键见解

◉ 卡瓦网络独特的Co-Chain架构为该网络提供了以太坊智能合约的速度和灵活性以及Cosmos SDK框架的互操作性。
◉ 虽然卡瓦网络的TVL自牛市期间的历史高点以来明显下降,但卡瓦网络目前的DeFi市场份额自2022年初以来一直在增加。这表明卡瓦网络相对于其他DeFi的实力不断增强。
◉ 多链路的引入 桥 和未来其他潜在的桥梁整合将使人们更容易进入Kava生态系统,预计这将吸引更多的用户和流动性进入Kava生态系统。

背景介绍

2018年,Brian Kerr与Ruaridh O’Donnell和Scott Stuart共同创立了Kava Labs。他们发现了一个建立抵押债务头寸(CDP)产品的机会,类似于MakerDAO,但作为一个可互操作的 跨链 DeFi区块链。Kava区块链的目标是提供一个平台,为主要的市值链提供基本的DeFi服务,其DeFi服务off者有限,如比特币、瑞波和Binance。
2019年10月,卡瓦网络通过Binance Launchpad上的初始交换Offering(IEO)筹集了价值300万美元的BNB,以换取652万KAVA。在过去的四年里,Kava网络已经发展成为一个Layer-1区块链,它将以太坊和宇宙的生态系统与它的共链架构相结合。截至2022年11月14日,卡瓦网络的总价值锁定(TVL)为2.1627亿美元,在所有链上的TVL排名第13。

卡瓦网络是如何运作的

Kava的Co-Chain架构将Ethereum智能合约开发的灵活性和速度与Cosmos SDK框架的互操作性结合在一个网络中。该架构由Tendermint共识引擎驱动,创建了一个与EVM兼容的链,允许开发者用Solidity为其协议部署智能合约。翻译模块在Co-Chain架构中的Cosmos和Ethereum环境之间运作,使它们能够无缝沟通和合作。

验证人需要运行卡瓦网络的Tendermint共识引擎,该引擎是为运行Proof-of-Stake (PoS)区块链。然而,只有基于加权股权(自我委托+其他委托)的前100名验证者才有资格获得区块奖励。

从Kava 10主网的升级来看,链上激励模块使用KAVA排放量来激励开发者在Kava生态系统中建立和发展协议。根据使用指标和TVL,Ethereum Co-Chain上的前100个协议将获得并分享按比例分配的KAVA排放量。从理论上讲,将KAVA排放量分配给开发者,可以鼓励开发者和协议增长Kava网络的使用量和TVL指标。然而,目前在Kava生态系统中,有超过40个活跃的协议。因此,目前所有活跃的协议都会收到KAVA的排放。

Kava使用区块链间通信(IBC)协议,与所有其他Cosmos-SDK区块链进行通信和桥接。IBC允许Kava网络快速实施为Cosmos生态系统开发的理想的开源模块。

KAVA代币学

Kava网络的原生治理和实用代币是KAVA。它被用于治理投票、验证人定额和委托机制、各种网络活动的内生奖励(即Kava Earn和Pools)、Kava Mint上的铸币USDX、Kava Lend上的借款和借贷活动,以及支付Kava网络的交易费用。KAVA的总代币供应量是没有上限的。

USDX

卡瓦网络的本地去中心化稳定币是USDX。来自缺乏基本DeFi服务的链的加密货币资产可以存入Kava Mint,这是一个抵押债务头寸(CDP)协议,并兑换成USDX。类似于DAI是MakerDAO在以太坊上的去中心化稳定币的方式。USDX目前的流通供应量约为8800万。

卡瓦崛起

为了吸引更高质量的建设者,Kava在升级Kava 10的同时推出了Kava Rise计划。在四年内,Kava将在链上分发2亿个KAVA。值得注意的是,只要协议符合资格要求,每个区块中63.5%的KAVA区块奖励将分配给开发者(前100名Kava协议),37.5%将分配给Stakers。该计划的KAVA代币分配将基于每月的使用量,”按协议的时间加权TVL占前100个协议集体TVL的份额计算”。

Kava Rise计划已经开始为Kava网络带来可量化的价值。卡瓦崛起计划吸引的两个值得注意的协议是Curve、Sushi和Beefy Finance。Curve为卡瓦网络的TVL增加了2026万美元,Sushi为卡瓦网络的TVL增加了105万美元,Beefy Finance则增加了约89.7万美元。在过去的两个月里,每个协议都在卡瓦网络上推出,已经占到卡瓦网络TVL的9%左右。

治理

Kava DAO管理着Kava网络。DAO的投票者由确保网络安全和运行的Kava stakers和validators组成,但任何人都可以创建一个提案,只要提案者存入1000个KAVA,该提案就会生效。Kava治理的主要目标是决定链上开发者的奖励如何在两个Co-Chain之间分配,但Kava的治理是没有约束的,提案可以是关于Kava网络的任何方面。

ATOMScan 和 Mintscan 是 Cosmos 生态系统的 EtherScans,为 Kava 网络提供服务。ATOMScan和Mintscan为社区成员提供了查看Kava DAO成员对当前和过去链上治理投票情况的能力。此外,ATOMScan有一个仪表板,显示前100名卡瓦验证人的以下数据:当前的佣金率、最高佣金率、验证人的活跃/非活跃状态、卡瓦代表团和总投票权的百分比。

卡瓦基金会

卡瓦基金会负责卡瓦网络的安全和发展,协助部署卡瓦社区池的2亿美元资产。这个池子由卡瓦DAO管理,旨在保障以下三个层次的增长。

◉ 购买证明(PoS)安全
◉ 基础设施安全
◉ 金融储备安全

金融储备安全层是卡瓦崛起计划的资本来源。

卡瓦协议

Kava实验室负责建立和维护Kava Mint, Kava Lend, Kava Swap, 和Kava Earn。目前,Kava Mint、Lend和Swap是Kava网络上四个最大的协议中的三个,以TVL计算。

Kava Mint是一个CDP协议,允许用户存入他们的代币作为抵押品,并收到Kava的本地去中心化的 稳定币, USDX,作为贷款的回报,利息费用在0-5%之间。用户可以在Kava DeFi生态系统中利用他们新铸造的USDX来获得潜在的奖励。Kava Mint的TVL约为1.2566亿美元。

Kava Lend是一个借贷市场协议,允许用户供应或借用该协议所接受的任何代币。供应或借用代币允许用户获得供应APY和奖励APY。Kava Lend的TVL约为1.0856亿美元。

卡瓦互换是一个去中心化的交易所(DEX)协议,允许用户交换该协议所接受的任何代币。通过Kava Swap的Pools产品提供流动性,允许用户获得Pools APY和奖励APY。Kava Swap的TVL约为730万美元。

Kava Earn是一个Kava原生协议,旨在简化复杂的DeFi策略,允许用户有直接的供应和提取的用户体验,类似于Yearn Vaults。Kava Earn接受的唯一资产是KAVA、bKAVA、BUSD和USDC。Kava Earn为bKAVA代币持有者提供APY激励,以锁定他们的bKAVA,这反过来预计会增加Kava的日活跃用户和TVL。Kava Earn的TVL约为8070万美元。

牵引力

总的IBC转让量和成功的IBC转让指标提供了对Cosmos生态系统中应用链和链的活动水平的洞察力。尽管Osmosis在这两个指标上占主导地位,但基于41个应用链和已与IBC协议整合的链,Kava在过去30天内的IBC总转账量中排名第七,在成功的IBC转账中排名第十。

卡瓦网络的TVL从2021年11月的7.034亿美元的历史高点下降了62.2%,以美元计算。卡瓦的TVL几乎没有受到Terra LUNA崩溃的影响,因为只有

卡瓦的TVL中只有570万美元是由UST(现在的USTC)组成。虽然UST是卡瓦协议接受的资产,但事后看来,卡瓦的TVL中最小数量的UST是卡瓦良好的风险管理。特别是考虑到Terra LUNA是宇宙IBC生态系统的一部分,是卡瓦网络的一个合理的合作伙伴。

Source: Kava’s Google Data Studio

尽管卡瓦网络的TVL自其历史高点以来大幅下降,但卡瓦网络目前的DeFi市场份额自2022年初以来已经增加,从0.25%增加到0.36%。随着卡瓦继续执行他们的路线图,为更多的连锁店推出桥梁并引入bKAVA,卡瓦的TVL和DeFi市场份额继续增长的可能性更大。

Source: Kava’s Google Data Studio

路线图

卡瓦11主网

卡瓦11主网于2022年10月26日推出,是卡瓦路线图上的一个重要里程碑。卡瓦11主网的主要升级是液体(bKAVA),一个完全可转换的流动赌注衍生代币,没有最低锁定期。Liquid允许代币持有人以bKAVA的形式保留100%的KAVA代币价值。这允许KAVA代币持有者将其KAVA入股并获得入股奖励,他们可以同时获得能够在Kava的DeFi生态系统中使用的bKAVA。最终,液体升级使Kava代币持有者有可能获得更多的奖励,而不仅仅是赌注奖励,同时鼓励在Kava的DeFi生态系统中进行更大的活动。在Kava 11主网启动的同时,Kava Earn将接受bKAVA。

未来的里程碑

卡瓦网络的路线图概述了以下关键里程碑:

◉ BNB链桥的推出将使用以太坊Co-Chain EVM架构来解锁300多个BNB链资产,这些资产将与卡瓦网络兼容。
◉ BTC Chain桥接启动将通过Cosmos Co-Chain实现,使BTC这一最大市值的加密资产与Kava网络兼容。
◉ GameFi和NFT激励计划将与卡瓦崛起计划类似。然而,该计划旨在根据月度活跃用户和交易量向建立在卡瓦网络上的前100个GameFi和NFT项目提供奖励。
◉ 对CosmWasm的支持。这将允许CosmWasm协议部署在Kava网络上,并使Kava网络能够进入Ethereum和Solana开发者社区之外的最大的开发者社区。

竞争格局

Kava的直接竞争对手是第1层区块链,如Solana、Avalanche、Near和Fantom。一般来说,L1区块链目前都在试图吸引尽可能多的流动性和开发者人才。这种吸引力可以通过赌注奖励、提供流动性的激励措施、开发者激励计划和赠款计划来体现,比如说。

◉ Fantom与Gitcoin Grants合作,推出了3.35亿的FTM奖励计划。
◉ Avalanche基金会推出了一个2.9亿美元的激励计划。
◉ NEAR创建了一个赠款DAO,分发3.5亿美元的DeFi激励计划。

L1区块链竞争激烈,试图吸引新的用户和开发者。其他L1区块链推出大型激励计划的介绍解释了为什么KAVA的7.5亿美元被分配给Kava Rise计划。

值得注意的是,Kava网络确实有来自其他CDP借贷协议的间接竞争,这些协议主要建立在以太坊上,如MakerDAO、Aave、Abracadabra和Angle Protocol。除Aave外,这些协议都有自己的去中心化稳定币版本,Aave即将推出其去中心化稳定币GHO。在不同的链上有许多借贷市场协议,所有的目标都是为了吸引尽可能多的流动性。更大的流动性不仅对增长指标是积极的,而且还为用户提供了更大的安全。

挑战

摆在卡瓦面前的有两个挑战:USDX与USD的脱钩和桥梁安全。

在写这篇文章的时候,USDX的交易价格是0.885美元兑1美元。USDX是一种超额抵押的分散式稳定币,理论上有数字资产支持,支持USDX的抵押品可以变现,以偿还USDX代币持有人。然而,USDX的市场价格与美元相比下滑得越远,USDX和卡瓦网络对潜在的卡瓦网络投资者的吸引力就越小。自2020年11月10日以来,USDX的市场价格只有52天大于或等于1.00美元。

在不久的将来,卡瓦实验室打算开始接受更多的稳定币,如USDC、USDT和DAI,通过卡瓦铸币厂作为USDX的抵押品。这将降低支持USDX的抵押品的波动性,这也将减少围绕USDX的系统性风险(即,有了非波动性的稳定支持USDX,保持协议的偿付能力将更加容易)。因此,这些额外的稳定币作为抵押品应该会增加人们对USDX的信心。然而,市场将决定USDX是否会恢复到与美元挂钩的状态。

事实证明,桥梁安全对开发者来说是很难做到的。在过去的一年里,发生了许多桥梁黑客攻击事件,超过20亿美元的桥梁黑客攻击被盗。因此,卡瓦建立的本地桥越多,黑客可以攻击和利用卡瓦网络的桥面面积就越大。然而,Kava生态系统的额外桥梁集成预计将增加用户和流动性,(即当Multichain与Kava网络集成时)。

结论

建立一个跨链的DeFi服务网络,为那些拥有有限DeFi服务的链提供服务,是一个雄心勃勃的目标。然而,正如他们的路线图中所说,这种战略定位让卡瓦有了明确的发展方向。专注于为那些为其代币持有者提供基本DeFi服务不足的链家搭建桥梁,将使Kava网络能够开发更多的数字资产并吸引更多的流动性。尽管卡瓦网络面临着潜在的挑战,但卡瓦网络的DeFi市场份额比例却在稳步增长,这可以归功于卡瓦崛起计划吸引Curve、Sushi和Beefy Finance的成功。

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