在商业中只有两种赚钱的方式。一种是捆绑;另一种是松绑”。- 吉姆-巴克斯代尔
同样地,在加密货币中只有两种方法可以建立有价值的产品,一种是捆绑服务,另一种是解除捆绑服务。目前,加密协议的更大机会在于对现有服务的解绑和分配。
互联网的命脉
现有的科技巨头通过捆绑垂直领域的服务来运作。例如,Youtube(谷歌)和Twitch(亚马逊)不仅仅是内容分发引擎。这些流媒体巨头是垂直整合的,为视频提供数据存储,为创作者提供货币化能力,并为开发者提供一系列关键服务。无缝地提供所有这些服务的能力有助于将内容制作者和开发者植入每个平台。
今天,视频内容是互联网的命脉,思科预测,到2022年,82%的互联网流量将是视频。流媒体的兴起–音频、音乐、电影、内容等。- 这进一步增加了对强大的视频处理基础设施的需求。视频转码是所有类型流媒体的关键流程之一,包括Fortnite音乐会、Twitch游戏玩家、Youtube播客和GenZ TikTokers。
视频转码是根据用户的带宽(2G-5G)和设备,将原始视频文件重新格式化为可查看的文件的过程。视频转码对流媒体视频(直播或静态)至关重要,全球视频流媒体市场正在快速增长,MediaKix报告称,流媒体行业到2025年估计将达到1240亿美元,”而Grand View Research预测,到2027年该行业将达到1840亿美元。
随着视频流媒体市场的扩大,使用加密网络的新基础设施建设为提高规模、降低成本和消除集中式故障点提供了机会。
Livepeer网络
Livepeer本质上是基础设施供应商与需要视频处理服务的应用开发商或流媒体应用之间的市场。
今天,视频处理的成本约为每流每小时3美元,亚马逊等云服务,每月对一台媒体服务器的收费高达4500美元,而在内容交付网络的带宽之前,每月的收费高达1500美元。有了Livepeer,整个过程(转码、Livepeer服务器、内容交付)有可能比现有的个人流媒体服务便宜10倍。Livepeer能够提供更便宜的流媒体背后的关键是,它不像AWS或其他转码供应商那样争夺相同的云计算资源,因为它提供基于转码使用量的定价,而不是基于服务器空间。
Livepeer在其网络内有几个关键的利益相关者﹕
视频矿工–编排者和转码者
◉ 协调者负责从广播公司接收视频并返回转码结果。
◉ 转码器负责在Livepeer网络上执行工作,提供计算能力,将视频文件转码给协调者。
◉ 代表者–拥有LPT代币的个人,将他们的代币抵押给协调者,以换取费用和一定比例的铸币LPT代币。拥有更多LPT桩的Orchestrators可以在Livepeer网络上执行更多工作。
◉ 开发者–希望建立需要流媒体的应用程序的个人的骨干。
视频矿工
Livepeer网络中的两类视频矿工是Transcoders和Orchestrators。转码器执行计算工作,而协调者在网络中充当促进者。
协调者和转码者
具体来说,协调者促进视频文件的处理,并将其转发回媒体服务器,再由媒体服务器转发给观众。协调者通常也作为转码器运作,但如果需要,可以外包给其他转码器,类似于工作证明(PoW)采矿池将PoW散列能力外包给其他矿工。
由于协调者也可以充当转码器,转码池可以是公共的或私人的。公共矿池对所有转码器开放,而私人矿池可以只对协调者或转码器的白名单进行许可。虽然转码池在Livepeer网络中是可能的,但它们并不是协议激励设计的一部分,所以各转码池的补偿也不同。
为了协调Livepeer网络上的工作,Orchestrators必须以Livepeer代币(LPT)为抵押。作为对他们服务的交换,协调者赚取LPT膨胀奖励,并赚取与他们的LPT赌注成比例的ETH费用。他们的费用也取决于所提供的转码服务的质量。
成为一个协调者是相当容易的,目前只需要押注2个多一点的LPT就可以参与。然而,协调者需要有能力24/7地运行一个Livepeer节点,而转码需要访问基于数据中心的GPU与视频编码芯片和访问可负担的带宽。
纳米支付
此外,Livepeer使用概率性小额支付–以可预测但随机的方式为转码工作支付小额款项–作为对协调人的补偿,这有助于在不同的油价和不断增长的流媒体服务需求中确保网络速度和质量的提高。
通过Livepeer的小额支付系统,广播公司(应用程序)自动为转码视频的每个部分附上一张 “票据”。当协调者执行工作时,他们有可能获得票据,这些票据可通过Livepeer智能合约兑换成费用。
因为票据是以概率为基础发行的,一个转码工作会有一定数量的票据可以兑换成费用。这个系统确保协调人可以计算出他们在一段时间内会赚多少钱,同时也确保广播公司的视频文件得到转码。概率支付的另一个关键优势是,费用是以Wei–以太坊的基本单位–来设定的,因此可以对视频的每个像素进行定价,这比现有视频处理行业的每GB标准更加细化。这种定价粒度意味着转码工作可以为成本更高的高分辨率流(如4k视频)进行更准确的定价。
Livepeer代表机构
Livepeer网络的最后一个利益相关者是委托人,他们在许多Web3协议中扮演着重要而频繁的角色。委托人能够与现有的协调人签订LPT,以换取收益或费用的分成。协调者可以决定他们希望与代表者分享的费用或LPT奖励的百分比,然后代表者选择他们希望与哪个协调者打赌。协调者可以竞争外部资本,以增加他们的回报,因为股权比重是影响协调者在Livepeer上能获得多少转码工作和后续费用的因素。
无名英雄:媒体服务器
Livepeer媒体服务器(LPSM)是一个开源的媒体服务器,它能够接收实时视频和音频的输入流,并将其转码为必要的格式,以便为多种类型的设备进行优化。
虽然市场上存在多种媒体服务器解决方案,如Wowza、Ngix和Red5,但这些通常都不是开源的,而且成本或许可费相对较高。Livepeer媒体服务器作为一个开源服务器,任何人都可以使用,而且它在使用Livepeer协议的同时进行了优化。开源技术与为LPSM优化的本地网络的结合创造了一个自然的漏斗和反馈回路,随着网络的扩大,LPSM的可用性也随之提高。
寻找Web3产品与市场的契合点
在过去的两年里,Livepeer对其协议进行了重大更新,包括在2020年初发布的 “Streamflow”,它为Livepeer带来了许多变化。Streamflow的升级启用了GPU转码,将视频转码器从25个增加到100个,并为那些在Livepeer上操作的转码器提供了一个新的转码器架构。值得注意的是,使用增加GPU挖矿,使现有的GPU或ASIC矿工能够参与到Livepeer网络中,而不需要任何额外的资本支出,同时极大地提高了Livepeer转码服务的可靠性和经济性。
随着最近的升级,Livepeer的潜在网络容量现在可以访问70,000多个GPU,或足以对通过Twitch、Facebook和Youtube的所有实时视频流进行编码。关键的一步将是释放这一潜在资源。
由于DeFi夏季和随后的牛市不可避免地增加了以太坊的交易成本,Livepeer社区提出并接受了两个Livepeert改进提案(LIP),以改善协议。LIP-36和LIP-52都大幅降低了重要功能的气体成本,包括索取LPT奖励,自动索取奖励,以及改善对已抵押的LPT的访问,这大大有利于协调者。
自新年伊始,Livepeer每月持续处理超过100万分钟的视频(约2年的视频),5月份取得了近400万分钟的记录。总的来说,Livepeer网络现在已经转码了超过1700万分钟的视频。虽然这与上传到Youtube的每秒1小时的视频相比相形见绌,但这是一个有意义的开始,证明了产品与市场的契合。
这种采用与建立在Livepeer基础上的视频应用的加速增长相结合,如Korkuma.com和Playdj.tv。最近,BUIDL实验室创建了File.Video,这是一个开源实验,它将Livepeer转码与Filecoin的存储能力相结合,展示了可组合和可编程的Web3协议的力量。
目前,Livepeer网络有一个预先设定的最大网络容量,即100个协调者,除了通货膨胀的LPT奖励外,他们的工作还能赚取以太坊的费用。协调者的收入(以太币计)随着Livepeer网络使用量的增加而增加,现在每周相当于几千美元。
此外,超过10万美元的终身费用已经分配给了视频矿工,几乎所有的费用都是在过去几个月里产生的。虽然协调者很可能仍然依靠LPT通货膨胀奖励来获得大部分的利润,但如果继续采用,Livepeer将有一条可信的道路来创建一个收费可以维持矿工运作的网络。
在100个协调者中,有23个赚取了超过1000美元的费用(以ETH为单位),而前五名分别赚取了超过5000美元,这因网络中的协调者所押的LPT数量而不同。此外,这些矿工赚取LPT费用,然而,通货膨胀随着参与率动态变化。只要网络参与率保持在LPT赌注的50%以上,通货膨胀就会每天下降0.0005%,直到通货膨胀达到零。
Livepeer的未来增长
在获取潜在增长方面,了解现有需求很重要。在与Livepeer的代表交谈后,Messari能够确认大部分的使用来自于用户生成内容(UGC)应用程序(即游戏、音乐、流媒体),但也包括其他垂直领域的显著使用,包括体育、媒体、活动和基础设施(如Korkuma)。
随着创作者经济的增长,UGC应用也在不断扩大。随着用户生成的内容不可避免地增长,对廉价和无缝处理的需求将继续增长。此外,数字活动和电竞行业还很年轻,但非常有前途,为Livepeer插入这些较新行业的基础设施开辟了潜在途径。
除了目前的视频转码服务,Livepeer网络还有其他潜在的视频处理任务,它可以以比传统云服务提供商更便宜的价格提供支持。
Livepeer团队已经进行了几个概念验证,并确定了几个有前途的潜在扩展途径,包括﹕
◉ 实时的场景分类﹕人工智能算法可以作为内容调节器,比人类更快、更有成本效益地标记成人内容或权利问题。
◉ 物体识别﹕促进供应商在视频流中挑出物体,并突出这些物体,使其可以点击,或用元数据加强,这对商业和游戏很有用。
◉ 歌名检测﹕对流媒体背景中的音乐的检测可以帮助专业平台管理权利和许可,避免与主流流媒体服务的问题。
◉ 视频指纹识别﹕Livepeer有能力对视频进行指纹识别,这为证明所有权、防止深度造假提供了机会,并提供了原始发布的证据。这有可能与其他加密基元相结合,如为每个视频指纹分配一个NFT。
更广泛地说,4K视频、超高清、虚拟现实和增强现实流的长期增长都将为视频内容提供新的机会。5G的扩展将影响在线游戏和视频直播,需要更强大和具有成本效益的视频基础设施。
先慢后快,一蹴而就
Web3协议比现有的服务和平台更有效率,因为它们通过创建用户拥有和运营的网络来拆分服务。Livepeer网络已经酝酿多年,似乎正处于找到其适合市场的边缘。
目前,Web3正处于基础设施阶段–对每一项现有服务进行拆分–直到这些服务变得足够强大,可以将它们聚合(读作捆绑)到一个统一的平台。但这是以后要讨论的问题。
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