关键洞察力
◉ Solana的协议层技术举措主要集中在提高速度，增加市场效率，以及实施减少垃圾邮件。Jump的新Firedancer验证器客户端，Jito Labs的Jito-Solana客户端，以及多槽位领导者的实施是最主要的举措。
◉ 验证器分布在全球超过25个国家和138个数据中心。FTX的内爆似乎并没有对验证者的统计数据产生重大影响–尽管9月份Hetzner的关闭确实导致大量质押从德国迁移到其他地方。
◉ 开发者数据显示了一个更强大、更有粘性的开发者生态系统，而不是卓越的叙述所暗示的那样。然而，应该谨慎对待这些统计数据，因为现有的数据量不能被视为完全稳健。
◉ 关于DeFi，锁定的总价值（TVL）已经被削减了。然而，包括Ellipsis Labs、Drift、Friktion等在内的几个项目正在DEX领域创造新的模式，这有可能重新催化链上增长。
◉ Helium迁移到Solana与Hivemapper、Pollen Mobile和Teleport等较新网络的部署相结合，表明代币激励物理基础设施网络（TIPIN）是Solana上一个蓬勃发展的新子行业。
◉ Solana生态系统的长期成功还有待确定。但是，关于Solana完全依赖SBF、水下验证器以及生态系统大规模逃往其他链的说法是没有根据的。
让我们一开始就解决房间里的大象：SBF和FTX在早期确实在催化Solana生态系统的发展中发挥了不可或缺的作用。
他们现在已经离开了。
然而，许多其他建设者已经并仍然致力于扩大该生态系统，这也是事实。
本报告旨在提供那些仍在建设Solana生态系统的个人和团队的情况。
该报告分为两部分–协议层和应用层的分析。
现在的电影都把功劳放在开头，所以在我们开始之前：特别感谢Helius实验室的0xMert_、Overclock Validator的7layer、几位Messari分析师和编辑，以及其他许多人在本报告创作过程中提供的周到反馈。
第一部分 – 协议层面的Solana
技术倡议
性能升级的主要主题是Solana最近完成的短期和中期技术计划的基础。Firedancer、Jito-Solana和每个槽位的多个领导者是开发者社区中最值得期待的一些举措。
网络健康和开发者景观
尽管Hetzner的服务条款转折和FTX的内爆，Solana的网络健康和基础设施相对稳定。在FTX之前，较小的和不盈利的验证者面临一些压力，但大多数验证者仍有舒适的盈利能力。关于股权、地理和数据中心分布的更多细节可以在下面找到。
关于开发人员的TL;DR是，开发人员的生态系统看起来很强大。需要注意的是，在这个问题上收集的数据量太小，不能完全依赖。
协议基础设施
这些项目是建立或扩展Solana基础设施的组件，这些组件与协议本身没有直接关系 – 开发者工具、入职工具、不同虚拟机的实验、DAO工具等。
Solana的未来之路–顶级技术计划
Solana没有明确的路线图，但一些倡议已经获得了开发者的心智，而不是其他。研究这些计划提供了必要的背景，以了解Solana在技术层面上的发展方向。
Firedancer（测试中）
Firedancer是一个独立的、基于C++的验证器客户端，由Jump Crypto带头。一旦上线，它将使Solana成为第二个拥有多个客户端的链（继Ethereum之后）。拥有多套可以从头开始 “运行 “链的代码，可以减少一个错误对网络造成重大损害的概率。如果一个实现有bug，那么第二个完全独立的实现就不太可能同时出现同样的bug–最终对网络有利。
Firedancer也有潜力提供大规模的性能改进（60万TPS已经现场演示过）。预计Firedancer将在2023年逐步部署。
Jito-Solana（已部署）
Jito-Solana是Jito Labs的一个修改过的验证器客户端，以类似于Flashbots在以太坊上的MEV-boost的方式，对促进MEV进行优化。该客户端通过为受MEV影响的区块空间引入一个特定的市场，为MEV创造更有效的市场。与Jito-Solana同步进行的是JitoSOL液体质押衍生品，它将为运行Jito-Solana的验证者提供选择（但不是义务），在质押奖励之上自动分配MEV利润给JitoSOL池。
QUIC（部署在主网上）
Solana用QUIC取代了其旧的数据传输协议，即用户数据报协议（UDP），这是一个类似的数据传输协议，也允许对数据流进行更大的控制。这允许验证人在发送和接收交易数据给槽主时行使更多的自由裁量权。换句话说，验证者将更容易过滤掉过去破坏链的垃圾交易数据。
本地收费市场（部分部署）
Solana账户有硬上限的计算限制–一旦达到，随后的交易不能在特定区块中修改该账户的状态。本地收费市场允许用户向验证者发送优先费用，以表达在该账户已经达到其计算限制后修改特定账户状态的迫切性。
其结果是更少的垃圾邮件（因为它可以被出价）和更大的区块空间市场的效率（因为用户现在可以针对特定的账户状态进行竞价，而不是试图用竞价来超载区块）。
质押加权的服务质量（QOS）（已部署）
与其说验证者不分青红皂白地接受和传输交易，不如说是质押加权保证了一个拥有0.1%质押的验证者总是有权利将0.1%的交易数据包传输给领导者。以前不加区分的方法使验证者容易被淘汰–也就是说，传输的数据包总数少于他们的股权加权。这很糟糕–将小的验证者挤出，直接导致更大的集中化。
并发Merkle Trees/账户压缩（测试）
并发Merkle Trees是由Solana实验室开发的一种新方法，能够压缩账户数据，同时保持修改该数据状态的能力。
帐户压缩将大大降低成本和存储需求。在压缩之前，存储1000万资产的数据将花费114万美元，占3.8GB的空间。通过压缩，存储同样的1000万资产只需花费250美元，只占828KB的空间。Metaplex计划利用这一点，成倍地降低平台上的NFT铸币成本。查看并发Merkle Trees白皮书以了解更多信息。
“要解决的有趣问题” – 中期举措
这些都是由Anatoly早先提出的重点倡议。其他几个开发者也强调了这些对促进Solana的成功是最不可或缺的。
异步块生产
异步区块生产减少了槽主（竞争验证最新区块的验证者）必须做的打包区块的工作量。最初，领导者必须做两次加载（查询存储在链上的数据，如最新区块的交易）和两次存储（在链上存储数据的实例）。当实施后，这项工作将减少到只有一个负载。
这样做的主要好处是减少冗余。通过在验证者之间更有效地委托任务，生成区块的时间可能会减少几毫秒。当你与光速竞争时，几毫秒是很重要的。
饮食/轻型客户端
“节食 “或轻型客户端对节点的碎块（小交易单位）进行采样，而不是下载完整的区块链状态。他们依赖的假设是，他们采样的节点集是诚实的。如果诚实的假设成立，轻客户端允许验证者通过确保诚实的节点不被不诚实的大多数所掩盖来为网络安全作出贡献。
每个槽的多个领导
通常情况下，一个验证者做的工作是，验证每个槽或块。足够幸运地占据该槽位的验证者作为 “槽位领导者 “获得大约400毫秒的荣耀。多个领导者是一个设计上的改变，它将增加区块生产的带宽，所以多个验证者可以占据领导者的位置。
每个领导者提出他们自己的交易流（有效地，一个交易的树状列表），最终的顺序成为这些交易流的组合。这将增加MEV市场的竞争和效率，因为多个领导者竞争将与MEV相关的交易纳入最终的区块。
形式验证
形式验证利用基于Rust的代码验证器，如Kani和Prusti来验证Solana程序库和其他重要的、广泛使用的库，如Anchor中的程序。
最终目的是提高Solana程序的安全性。代码验证器可以自动检查给定程序中的任何问题或错误。严格使用它们–特别是在核心合约上–应该可以提高这些合约的安全性。
额外的智能合约语言
Solana正在推出对智能合约语言Move的支持。这种语言被设计成与平台无关，一旦完全实现，它可能会吸引开发者加入Solana的LLVM兼容的智能合约语言库。
关于Solana Mobile的说明
Solana Mobile的短期路线图包括三项举措。
◉ Saga开发工具包计划在2022年12月中旬开始发货。
◉ 2023年1月开放Solana Mobile dapp商店应用。
◉ Saga手机将在2023年初向公众开放。
在这些之后，移动团队可能会继续对Saga手机和移动软件开发工具包（SDK）的功能和设计进行迭代。到今天为止，移动仍然是一个外部质押，更像是一个月球，而不是一个肯定的事情。但机会的规模不应低估。请看我们对Solana移动堆栈的研究，以了解关于用户、开发者和网络采用的更详细的案例。
已实施提案的完整历史以及已接受但未完全实施的提案清单提供了更大的背景和洞察力。此外，请查看网络升级页面，了解最新的提案实施情况。
网络健康
截至12月8日，Solana网络共有2306个验证人，总股份约为3.7亿SOL。验证者分布在全球35个以上的地理位置和138个以上的独特数据中心。总体而言，Solana的中本聪系数（定义）高于行业平均水平，为28。
索拉纳基金会在2022年8月发布了一份网络健康报告，该报告超越了中本聪系数，评估了去中心化的不同方面。该报告考虑了地理多样性、数据中心所有权和实体对验证者的控制等指标，以确保更全面的网络健康。虽然高的中本聪系数和不断增长的验证器集是有益的，但它们并不足以保证不受中心化风险的影响。
虽然分布在35个以上的地理区域，但约42%的索拉纳验证者和约38%的总股份位于美国和德国。其他 “地点占总股份的30%以下，但包括25个以上的不同国家。
地域集中是第一层网络的典型特征，也是Solana旨在解决的一个领域。由于地缘政治风险、法规和自然行为等原因，在同一地点有太多的验证人可能会危及网络的健康。
数据中心的集中是关于去中心化的另一个关注领域。使用像AWS这样的私人数据中心来运行验证器，可能会让数据中心的所有者对网络拥有不成比例的权力。截至12月15日，Solana上的总股权已经分配完毕，没有一个数据中心在托管33.3%的范围内。占总股权30%以上的 “其他 “类别由超过125个独特的数据中心组成。
然而，在9月底，Solana网络的验证者和股权集中在德国和美国，有德国的网络托管公司Hetzner Online。Hetzner托管了该网络40%以上的验证人和20%以上的股权。这种关系导致该网络严重集中在德国，特别是集中在一个数据中心。
11月初，Hetzner删除了他们服务器上所有与Solana有关的活动，并表示其政策禁止使用其服务器进行与加密货币有关的活动。幸运的是，这种集中并不足以中断网络。但是，这一事件还是体现了网络过于集中在一个地理位置和数据中心的潜在风险。
Solana网络现在因此更加分散了。数以百计的验证人和数百万的股权从德国和赫兹纳迁移到其他国家，如法国和芬兰，以及OVH SAS等托管供应商。
当评估构成中本聪系数的前28个验证者时，与明显集中在德国、赫兹纳，甚至是赫兹纳迁移后的OVH SAS相比，一个稍微不同的故事展开了。
看一下控制超过33%网络股权的验证者的数量，超过一半是由亚马逊和Terraswitch托管的。虽然这些还不足以对网络进行串通，但评估顶级验证者的股权构成是至关重要的。在这种情况下，如果这组质押进入一个更集中的地理区域，如美国或少数数据中心，如亚马逊或Teraswitch，网络可能会处于危险之中。
最终，在验证者和股权从Hetzner迁移到其他几十个地理位置和数据中心后，Solana网络的分散性和健康性仍然很好地保持着，并且处于更好的位置。
开发商格局
关于Solana开发者的一个流行说法是生态系统的逃离。最近的一项调查旨在收集数据以证实或否认这种说法。有两个主要的收获。
大量的开发人员正在其他链上进行部署，特别是以太坊。但大多数（66%）受访的开发者都坚持只使用Solana。
大约72%的开发者表示，他们的团队根本没有受到FTX的影响。大约20%的人在FTX上投资了个人或项目资金。
虽然像这样的调查并不十分严格，不足以在《科学》杂志上发表，但它们确实提供了一些急需的数据，以更好地了解广泛的现实情况。
继续看其他一些统计数字，尽管SOL价格在同一时期下降了-95%，但Github开发者仓库的数量和每日独立程序的数量都同比增长了~2.5倍。
请注意，自2022年5月以来，每天的独特程序一直停滞不前，在这段时间里，每天徘徊在1000至1150之间。
Alchemy发布了一份Web3开发者报告，与上面的增长故事相似。根据该报告，Solana的活跃开发者团队增长了10倍以上，年初至今的API消费增长了5倍以上。
要发现这些新团队正在建造的东西，观看黑客马拉松活动和索拉纳黑客之家是你最好的选择。2023年的阵容已经发布，具有多样化的地点，包括孟买、奥斯汀、伊斯坦布尔、纽约市等。迄今为止，黑客马拉松对索拉纳来说是一个巨大的成功，尽管价格只模仿了其中一个属性，但活动的趋势是上升和向右的（提示：在同一时间段内没有上升！）。
协议基础设施
这些是一些建立或扩展Solana基础设施组件的顶级项目，它们与协议本身没有直接关系–考虑到开发者工具、入职工具、不同虚拟机的实验、DAO工具等等。
探索MEV：Jito实验室
如上所述，Jito Labs创建了验证器软件，用于在验证者、搜索者和制定者之间有效传输MEV。以太坊上类似软件的开发（Flashbots）造成了网络拥堵的减少，并提高了造星者的收益率，尤其是在网络使用率高的时候。Jito客户端应该对Solana有类似的效果。
开发者工具。Coral, Helius, GenesysGo, Clockwork
Coral是两家开发工具基础设施背后的公司。
◉ Anchor Lang。Anchor是在Solana上编写程序（智能合约）的首选框架。Anchor通过处理更多的基线任务来简化程序构建过程，让开发者主要关注商业逻辑。Seahorse Lang是一个社区主导的项目，建立在Anchor之上，使程序员能够用Python构建智能合约。其他的发展看起来允许使用另一种流行的编码语言Typescript来创建Solana程序。
◉ xNFT Backpack：xNFT是 “可执行的NFT “的标准，使用户能够拥有执行代码的权利。背包是xNFTs的应用，以创建一个新型的钱包，其中应用程序通过一个界面原生运行，而不是通过浏览器视图与应用程序互动。
Helius为Solana提供了专门的RPC节点管理，允许开发人员根据链上事件触发行动的webhooks，以及一套用于解码链上数据的API，比标准区块探索器更容易访问。在其两个月的主网运营中，Helius获得了超过1200个用户。
GenesysGo还提供RPC服务以及存储和计算服务。根据Step Data Insights，截至2022年10月，GenesysGo的Shadow Drive存储解决方案已经存储了3.5TB的数据。
Clockwork是另一块开发工具基础设施，专门用于交易调度和智能合约自动化。自从11月初在Solana Breakpoint推出以来，他们已经迅速扩大到每周6万条自动化指令。
实验虚拟机。霓虹灯，Eclipse，和Nitro
有几个项目正在试验将不同的虚拟机导入和导出到Solana。Neon实验室将推出一个智能合约程序，将以太坊虚拟机（EVM）移植到Solana。这将允许EVM开发人员在几乎不改变其原始代码的情况下部署到Solana。期待他们在2023年1月部署到主网。
Eclipse和Nitro正在将Solana虚拟机（SVM）分别输出到Celestia和Cosmos。这些项目寻求利用SVM的速度与Celestia和Cosmos等链的模块化，以获得两个世界的最佳效果。Solana上的项目将能够以类似于在其他EVM链（如Avalanche或Polygon）上部署的Ethereum项目的轻松方式将其代码部署到Eclipse或Nitro。
DAO工具、钱包和菲亚特开/关坡道
Realms和Squads分别是领先的DAO治理和多义词解决方案。最后，Phantom在钱包领域仍然占据主导地位–它是希望将其早期成功转化为以太坊和Polygon上的多链扩展的团队之一。
之前提到的Coral公司的背包标准也将致力于发展市场并获得市场份额。Solflare、Glow、Spot、Ultimate和Cashmere是其他许多钱包竞争对手中的几个。Dialect是一个协议，努力为上述任何和所有的人提供信息传递基础设施。
在支付方面，所有的目光都集中在这个生态系统中的两个团队。Solana Pay和Stripe。Solana Pay最近与STEPN和Asics建立了合作关系，这引起了人们的关注，但这里的游戏实际上都是关于销售点层面的整合。
Stripe的法币到加密货币的揭幕式上有16个项目，其中11个是基于Solana的。其中提到的一个项目是Ottr Finance–一个基于Solana的Venmo替代品。Tiplink是另一个采取不同方式的协议。
在隐私方面，Light Protocol正在利用零知识证明（ZKPs）来实现链上有隐私保护的支付和转移。Otter Cash是另一个提供给Solana用户的隐私解决方案。
总结第一节 – 协议层的Solana
历史上，Solana面临的最大批评之一是与Ethereum相比，生态系统的成熟度存在差距。这种差距仍然存在，但上面显示的项目表明，这种差距正在缩小。缩小的速度有待解释，但不可否认的是，Solana有一个生态系统在努力改善其核心基础设施和功能。
将Solana描述为仅仅是一个 “SBF链 “似乎在很大程度上是没有根据的。
第二部分 – 应用层的Solana
如果没有建立在其上的应用，最好的技术也不会有什么意义。Solana在DeFi、Web3基础设施、NFT和游戏方面有各种各样的应用–太多了，本报告无法强调每个项目。我们已经创建了一个生态系统地图，涵盖了每个子行业的大部分名称，以及每个子行业的顶级项目和叙述的亮点。
重点介绍一下。
DeFi应用
可以说Solana DeFi是受FTX内爆打击最严重的子行业。由于阿拉米达的链上活动被取消，SOL的价格下跌了67%，整个Solana DeFi的TVL受到了巨大打击。
尽管如此，仍有创新者在为未来建设。以下是其中的一些亮点。
现货DEXs
在现货去中心化交易所方面，有三个名字值得关注：OpenBook、Ellipsis Labs和Lifinity。OpenBook是Serum V3的一个社区运行的分叉，在Serum的升级密钥可能受到影响的情况下产生的。Serum的公共Twitter手柄已经公开支持新的分叉。
Ellipsis Labs的Phoenix orderbook扩展了Serum最初的中央限额订单书（CLOB）的愿景，有一套面向效率的设计决定，如从DEX设计中移除操作密集型的 “曲柄”（定义）。
Lifinity利用集中的流动性和主动的做市商模式（利用亚1秒的甲骨文延迟主动调整价格），以消除对套利者的依赖，通过限制针对陈旧价格的交易来减少无常的损失，等等。
衍生品和结构化产品
大量的团队在衍生品、期权和结构性产品领域进行建设。Drift, Zeta Markets, Mango Markets, Friktion, PsyOptions, 01, and Cega是其中的几个。各个团队一直在努力解决关键问题，如流动性来源、新资产支持、交叉利润和用户入职。
液体抵押衍生品(LSD)
Jito实验室的JitoSOL可能抢占了所有的头条新闻，但Marinade和Lido在市场份额方面仍然遥遥领先。如果JitoSOL的收益率持续走高（截至12月7日，Lido的收益率为9.10%，而Marinade的收益率为8.08%），这种情况可能会改变。
寻找整个Solana DeFi的整合，作为额外需求的潜在催化剂。
TIPIN项目
TIPIN，即代币激励的物理基础设施网络，是一个鲜为人知的有前途的子行业。Helium是第一个使用代币奖励来激励个人完成现实世界活动的协议，最近通过投票将其网络从自己的区块链迁移到Solana而成为头条。此举旨在解决网络的扩展和吞吐量问题，并允许社区访问Solana的开发者和基础设施的生态系统，包括钱包、DeFi应用程序和Solana移动堆栈。Solana上值得关注的其他TIPIN网络包括。
◉ Pollen Mobile – 5G领域的Helium竞争者。他们已经在提供比传统竞争对手更便宜的覆盖范围–有时可便宜90%。
◉ Hivemapper – 激励用户为网络提供高质量的街景地图数据的驱动型网络。◉ 呼叫中心(Teleport) – 一个类似Uber的应用程序，激励司机和乘客加入网络。
如果你是TIPIN的新手，并有进一步的兴趣，请查看Sami的更多研究，了解市场领先的专题和数据驱动的洞察力。
NFT项目和基础设施
在混乱中，”JPEGs “仍然保持着相对的、令人惊讶的弹性。11月，以SOL计价的每日销售量几乎创下历史新高，因为持有者和交易者都急于调整他们的NFT估值，以适应SOL价格的下跌。
版权费的争论已经主导了JPEG土地的叙述。起初，聚合器的采用使钟摆转向尽可能地逃避版权费。
现在，领先的平台Magic Eden、Metaplex和Cardinal都在协议层面上宣布了对创作者的版权保护形式。钟摆已经摆到了另一端，一些设计使创作者能够禁止那些不执行版税的市场平台。从长远来看，时间会证明哪种设计会赢。
此外，Solana的NFT生态系统已经被Metaplex的数字资产标准的持续优化所推动，该标准是Solana上所有NFT的基础代币标准。Metaplex继续迭代其流行的开源铸币解决方案，如Candy Machine，最近宣布为技术较差的创作者提供无代码解决方案。总的来说，Solana和Metaplex继续为创作者提供一个有效推出NFT的地方。
Metaplex对NFT的压缩也将可能支持NFT的生态系统。压缩将降低NFTs的链上存储成本，使航空公司和现场活动等企业级用户能够在链上存储票据并大规模推出。压缩将允许同时铸造多达100万个NFT，价格约为6 SOL（204美元），1亿个NFT，价格约为50 SOL（1,700美元）。
此外，最近推出的NFT铸币解决方案、其他市场和增强的用户体验应用将可能使NFT生态系统增长。Phantom使其浏览器扩展的用户能够直接在Magic Eden上列出他们的NFT。Atomic Wallet在其桌面和移动版本上推出了对Solana NFTs的支持。Solana NFTs也开始在其他NFT市场上交易，如Rarible。
尽管有熊市和最近的宏观事件，Solana的战略和在NFT领域的地位保持强劲。在二级销售量方面，Solana仍然是第二大网络，并且正在缩小与以太坊的差距。
游戏生态系统
随着加密货币空间的定位，以支持GameFi，Solana Ventures引领了这一方向。他们的1.5亿美元的基金用于促进网络的游戏生态系统，吸引了更多的投资基金，并引发了对游戏的牵引。
此后的其他努力包括更多的投资者，如Magic Eden的Magic Ventures，像Ancient8的DoJo（一个游戏的启动平台）这样的基础设施，以及像Eternal Dragons这样的建设者。
诸如此类的发展使GameFi处于催化整个加密货币空间活动浪潮的风口浪尖，而Solana已经准备好发展其GameFi生态系统。
Solana生态系统中的大多数大型游戏要么还没有上线，要么还处于早期阶段。一些最值得关注的游戏是ev.io、BR1: Infinite、No Way Back、Aurory和Star Atlas，等等。
如果这些游戏中的一些子集确实成功了，那就要注意了–游戏在过去已经被证明能够产生极高的使用率和收入。
注：对Solana投资者的观察
生态系统外的人的一个共同批评是，FTX是一小部分投资者中的一员，他们只想从建立在Solana上的项目中获取价值。萨姆币”–特别是Serum、Oxygen、MAPS和其他–经常被指为一个例子。
与该集团相关的非FTX投资者–即Jump、CMS、Sino和Multicoin–已经并仍然是支持Solana生态系统的组成部分，除了Sam币。然而，风险投资方面的投资者比这个群体更广泛–在FTX出现之前，Foundation Capital、Race Capital和其他投资者就已经是投资者了。
较新的投资者如Placeholder的Chris Burniske和Twitter名人R89 Capital，在FTX崩溃后对Solana提出了新的观点。如果这些人和更多的人能够联合起来解决这个生态系统的一些长期问题–特别是在代币经济方面–那么索拉纳的私人和公共市场风险景观可能会从FTX的内爆中出现，比以前更强大。
结论
索拉纳生态系统并非没有问题。TVL已经被抹去。SBF中最核心的冠军之一可能是一个彻头彻尾的骗子。该技术还没有完成。是的，价格下降了。
然而，这个生态系统并非没有希望。新的应用程序可能会重新催化使用。潜在的新冠军可以在对网络的积极贡献方面超过SBF。积极开发的技术升级可能会继续缓解网络问题，提升网络性能。
至于价格？
嗯，这要由大家来决定。
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